Backgroud info:
Jacques Danvior: an American reporter
Hiroshima(广岛): a seaport city, 1589建市,1958战后重建, Sino-Japanese War, Treaty of Shimonoseki（马关条约）, Battle of Leyte Gulf, Kamikaze, Banzai Charge, Little boy, Peace City , Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,山宅一生
A Brief Summary of The Excerpt
Jacques Davoir, an American journalist, visited Japan to record what Hiroshima looked like after the atomic bombardment. To his surprise, some people in Hiroshima inclined to forget the cataclysmic [ˌkætəˈklɪzmɪk] attack.
文章看点（Highlights）: 通过细节词体会文学体裁的画面感。 Visualized Reading through Specific Words.
文学体裁的一大特征：细节多。心理描写、人物描写、景物描写、对话描写。动词、形容词、名词。
下义词——动词：Specific Words: Verbs
（上义词是对事物的概括性、抽象性说明,而下义词是事物的具体表现形式或更为具体的说明。）
Verb”笑”：
Laugh大笑, smile微笑,
beam满脸笑容,
giggle吃吃的笑，咯咯的笑
chuckle[ˈtʃʌkl]低声轻笑
grin露齿笑,咧着嘴笑
guffaw[ɡəˈfɔː]放声大笑,狂笑
smirk[smɜːk]傻笑，得意的笑，
sneer[snɪə(r)]嘲笑
snicker[ˈsnɪkə(r)]坏笑,
titter嗤笑
She chuckled at the memory.想起这件事她就暗自发笑
laugh大笑&smile微笑
Every time you smile at someone, it is an action of love, a gift to that person, a beautiful thing.—Mother Teresa 每一次你对某个人微笑，都是一次爱的行动，都是给他的礼物，都是一种美丽。
The most wasted of all days is that on which one has not laughed.一N.Chamfort
最浪费的日子就是没有笑声的日子。
练习:
给我一个微笑就够了 如一杯薄酒，像一缕柔风。选自汪国真的《给我一个微笑就够了》
One smile is enough. It is like a glass of light wine and a wisp of soft wind.
grin露齿笑，咧嘴笑
I like a man who grins when he fights.–W.Churchill 我喜欢战斗中开口笑的人
Courage is the grace under pressure.
Smirk傻笑
Two men standing nearby, who nudged each other looked at me and smirked.《暮光之城》节选。
Sneer嘲笑
Let us not sneer at the values of the World’s conscience([ˈkɒnʃəns]良知）, whose indignation(
[ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃn]愤慨) has already forced Hitler’s fascism([ˈfæʃɪzəm]法西斯主义） to retreat. —- L.Blum
让我们不要嘲笑世界良心的价值，它的愤怒已经遏退了希特勒的法西斯主义。
Verb.”看”
gaze凝视，急切的看
glare怒目而视
glance匆匆一看，扫视
glimpse瞥一眼，客观情况不允许，看不清楚，brief and imcomplete view
leer[lɪə(r)]色咪咪的看, to look at sb 带着一点坏
scan细看，审视；扫视、浏览。两种意思。
stare盯着看，瞪大眼睛看
peep/peer窥看
penetrate看穿
gaze凝视，急切的看
No one regards what is before his feet; we all gaze at the stars. –Q.Ennius
没有谁注意自己的脚下，我们全都注视着星星。
The real meaning of enlightenment is to gaze with undimmed eyes on all darkness. –N.Kazantzakis
教化的真正意义是在一切黑暗中都有一双明亮的眼睛。
glance匆匆一看，扫视
One of the most wonderful things in nature is a glance of the eye; it transcends([trænˈsend]) speech; it is the bodily symbol of identity. –R.W.Emerson
目光是自然界最奇妙的东西之一，它超载了语言，是证实身份的身体符号。
Peep窥看
Hills peep o’ er hills, and Alps on Alps arise! — A.Pope over 诗歌当中用’代表v，考虑音节问题。
山外隐约还是山,一座座挺立起阿尔卑斯山!
Penetrate看穿,洞察
The most absolute authority is that which penetrates into a man’s inmost being. –J.J. Rousseau
最绝对的权威来自洞察人的内心。
Verb “走”
amble 缓行,踱步,闲庭信步
clump 拖着沉重的脚步走，像马蹄踏在地面上的通通的声音
plod 沉重缓慢的走，腿像灌铅一样沉重
lumber 发出响声的移动，笨拙
shuffle 拖着脚走，walk by drag one’s feet
creep 摄手蹑脚的走,
tiptoe 用脚尖糖着走
roam 闲逛，漫步
prance 昂首步的走，贬意
strut 神气十足的走，贬意
slide 滑行,
stagger 蹒跚地走
stride 大踏步地走，long step,非常自信
stroll 溜达着走,
saunter 悠然自得的走
scamper 蹦蹦跳的走
traipse 懒散疲乏的走
tramp, tread 践踏
trudge 步履维艰的走
trot 小跑,疾走
toddle 幼儿蹒跚学步
Time travels in diverse paces with diverse persons. I’ ll tell you who Time ambles with, who Time trots with, who Time gallops with, and who he stands still with. —w.Shakespeare
时间的步履因人而异。我将告诉你时间在谁那里踱步，在谁那里疾走，在谁那里飞奔，又在谁那里驻足。
Onomatopoeia [ˌɒnəˌmætəˈpiːə] 拟声词
风声，飒飒声 sough[saʊ], whisp, whoosh[wʊʃ]
树叶沙沙响 rustle [ˈrʌsl]
滴水声, drip-drop
汩汩声, gurgle[ˈɡɜːɡl]
潺潺声, chuckle[ˈtʃʌkl],murmur
雨声(劈劈啪啪声) pitter-patter
海浪声，水面起涟漪 ripple
雷声，隆隆声 rumble, roll
一月的风
The January wind has a hundred voices. lt can scream, it can bellow, it can whisper, and it can sing a lullaby. lt can roar through the leafless oaks and shout down the hillside, and it can murmur in the white pines rooted among the granite[ˈɡrænɪt] ledges[ledʒ] where lichen makes strange hieroglyphics. lt can whistle down a chimney and set the hearth-flames to dancing. On a sunny day it can pause in a sheltered spot and breathe a promise of spring and violets. In the cold of a lonely night it can sash and stay there muttering of ice and snow banks and deep-frozen ponds.
hieroglyphic [ˌhaɪərəˈɡlɪfɪk] 象形文字
hearth[hɑːθ]炉灶; 壁炉炉床; 壁炉前的地面; 家和家庭生活;
下义词——形容词 Specific Words: Adjectives
charming 和善的，有魅力的
cute 可爱的,伶俐的, 萌，小的可爱 周迅cute
elegant 文雅的，端庄的 张曼玉的美
enchanting 迷人的，娇媚的，狐媚 范冰冰，妖媚
generous 慷慨的，大方的 张学良的原配 赵四小姐cute
magnificent 华丽的，宏伟的 一般形容建筑、风景
stately 庄严的，堂皇的
smart 时髦的，大方的 聪明 赵薇、朱茵
stunning 极好的、倾国倾城的美 奥黛丽·赫本
形容颜色的形容词
cardinal [ˈkɑːdɪnl]鲜红色
cherry 樱桃红色
magenta[məˈdʒentə]紫红色,绛红色
maroon[məˈruːn] 栗色的，赤褐色的
peach桃红色
fuchsia [ˈfjuːʃə]亮红色
rose 玫瑰红
ruby[ˈruːbi] 红宝石色，深红色
salmon pink [ˈsæmən] 橙红色
violet[ˈvaɪələt]紫罗兰色的
aquamarine [ˌækwəməˈriːn] 碧绿色的
celadon [ˈsɛlədɒn]灰绿色，青瓷色
turquoise [ˈtɜːkwɔɪz]绿宝石，青绿色
verdant [ˈvɜːdnt]翠绿的，嫩绿的
azure [ˈæʒə(r)]天蓝色的
sapphire [ˈsæfaɪə(r)] 蓝宝石色的
blue-black 蓝黑色
ultramarine 深蓝色的
Recap Visualized Reading Through Specific Words: verbs,adjectives,nouns. Supplement: style of diction
sparrow:[ˈspærəʊ]麻雀 chirp[tʃɜːp] twitter
swallow: [ˈswɒləʊ] 燕
magpie [ˈmæɡpaɪ]喜鹊
dove：[dʌv]鸽子
crane：[kreɪn]鹤
Review “说”
murmur, mutter 咕哝，低声说
mumble 含糊不清的说
stutter,stammer 结巴
chatter 碟碟不休
grunt 哼哼声，咕哝着说
grumble 抱怨的说，嘟囔着说
clamor 大声要求、抗议
whisper 耳语，密谈
Rest is not idleness, and to lie sometimes on the grass under trees on a summer’s day, listening to the murmur of the water，or watching the clouds float across the sky, is by no means a waste of time.
休息决不是懒散，有时在夏日里躺在树下的草地上，听流水潺潺，看浮云飘过蓝天，那决不是浪费时间。
Love is only chatter; friends are all that matter.——G.Burgess
爱情只是絮叨，朋友才是一切。
lt isn’t what they say about you, it’s what they whisper.-E. Flynn
重要的不是人们如何谈论你，重要的是他们如何嘀咕你。
Give to a pig when it grunts and a child when it cries, and you will have a fine pig and a bad child.- Prov.
满足哼哼的猪你会得到一头好猪，迁就哭闹的孩子你会得到一个逆子。
Don’t bother about genius.
Don’t worry about being clever.
Trust in hard work, perseverance[ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪərəns], and determination.
And the best motto for the long march is :”Don’t grumble. Plug on.”
—F.Treves
不要为缺少天赋而烦恼，
不要抱怨自己不聪明。
坚信苦干，坚毅和决心。
而对于漫长征程最好的名言: “不要抱怨，埋头苦干”。
构词法：word-formation
1.time-saving, painstaking
- man-made, poverty-stricken
3.carefree, snowwhite
4.porcelain-faced, chicken-hearted
5.sad-eyed, low-ceiling - longstanding, good-looking
7.full-fledged,ready-made
英文：抽象名词
中文：动词/形容词
Love in marriage should be the accomplishment of a beautiful dream, and not, as it too often is , the end.—A. Karr
婚姻中的爱情应该是美梦成真，而不应该象经常发生的那样，美梦到头。
The influence of climate on our metabolism, its retardation, its acceleration, goes so far that a mistaken choice of place and climate can not only estrange a man from his task but can actually keep it from him: he never gets to see it.——V.Nietzsche
气候对我们代谢的影响，使它延缓或是加速，以至于我们错误地选择了地点或气候，就不能只让一个人远离它的任务，还会让他停下工作，但他决不会明白是怎么回事。
metabolism [məˈtæbəlɪzəm] 新陈代谢
名词 Vs 动词 & 形容词
语言学家王力教授指出: “我们所谓名词，和英语所谓noun，范围广狭稍为不同。我们的名词，就普通说，除了哲学上的名词外，只能指称具体的东西，而且可以说五官所能感触的。英语从形容词构成的名词，如kindness, wisdom, humility, youth, 从动词形成的抽象名词，如invitation, movement, choice, arrival, assistance, discovery 等，中国字典里可以说没有一个词和它们是相等的。”
抽象名词-动词和形容词概念
Technological innovations may offer to add to men’s material opportunities. But by increasing the risks of their obsolescence it adds also to their anxiety. Swifter means of communications have the paradoxical effect of isolation of people; increased mobility has led to more hours commuting; increased
automobilization to increased separation; more television to less communication. In consequence, people know less of their neighbors than ever before.
科技创新给人们带来了物质上的满足，但是由于更新换代的速度太快，反而是人们倍感焦虑。通讯方式更加快捷了，人们却更加孤独了; 社会流动性增强了，人们反而疲于奔命; 汽车更加普及了，人们反而更加疏远了; 看电视的时间多了，人们交流的机会少了。结果人们与周围邻居之间从来没有像现在这样陌生。
措词的文件风格：正式 Vs. 非正式 (The style of Diction: Formal Vs. Informal)
Para.18 l was just about to make my little bow of assent, when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me out of my sad reverie.
assent: approve
reverie: memory.
Para.22 l thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact ofthe atomic cataclysm.
disaster, catastrophe, calamity, apocalypse(天启）
Para.25 They would also like to demolish the atomic museum.
destroy、ruin、spoil、devastate、sully、defile、slander、asperse
Para.19 “Hiroshima-oysters? What about the bomb and the misery and humanity’s most hideous crime?”
horrible、malicious、vicious、virulent、malign
课后练习: Replace the italicized words with simple, everyday words:
1.The very act…was for me a far greater adventure than any trip or any reportorial assignment l’d previously taken. assignment-task
2.Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them, and bobbed up and down repeatedly in little bows, as they exchanged the ritual formula or gratitude and respect: “Tomo alligator gozayimas.” Others were using little red telephones that hung on the facades of grocery stores and tobacco shops.
oblivious: unaware
facade: face/ fronts 正面 in front of 前面
4…and experiencing a twinge of embarrassment at the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks
twinge:pain
prospect: hope/ expectatior
5.where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony.
agony: pain
6.where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second.
slain: killed
7.Seldom has a city gained such world renown. fame
8.your children will encounter prejudice on the part of those who do not. meet/ take
Recap
Visualized Reading Through Specific Words:
verbs, adjectives, nouns
Supplement: style of diction
An Excerpt from Jane Eyre
Jane was in deep love with Rochester, but she decided to leave him since laws and traditions should not be violated.
While he spoke my very conscience and reason turned traitors against me, and charged me with crime in resisting him. They spoke almost as loud as Feeling: and that clamored wildly. “Oh, comply!” it said.”Think of his misery; think of his danger—look at his state when left alone; remember his headlong nature; consider the recklessness following on despair—soothe him; save him; love him; tell him you love him and will be his. Who in the world cares for you or who will be injured by what you do?”
clamor [‘klæmə(r)] protest loudly
headlong: 急性子
recklessness: 无所顾忌
soothe:
Still indomitable was the reply— “I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself. I will keep the law given by God; sanctioned by man. I will hold to the principles received by me when I was sane, and not mad—as I am now. Laws and principles are not for the times when there is no temptation: they are for such moments as this, when body and soul rise inmutiny against their rigor; stringent are they; inviolate they shall be. If at my individual convenience I might break them, what would be their worth? They have a worth—-so I have always believed; and if I cannot believe it now, it is because I am insane——quite insane: with my veins running fire, and my heart beating faster than I can count its throbs. Preconceived opinions, foregone determinations, are all I have at this hour to stand by: there I plant my foot.”
sanction: approve
inmutiny:
rigor: strictness
stringent: strict
throbs: beat 心跳
I did. Mr. Rochester, reading my countenance, saw I had done so. His fury was wrought to the highest: he must yield to it for a moment, whatever followed; he crossed the floor and seized my arm and grasped
my waist. He seemed to devour me with his flaming glance: physically, I felt, at the moment, powerless as stubble exposed to the draught and glow of a turnace: mentally, I still possessed my soul, and with it the certainty of ultimate safety. The soul, fortunately, has an interpreter-often an unconscious, but still a truthful interpreter—in the eye. My eye rose to his; and while I looked in his fierce face I gave an involuntary sigh; his gripe was painful, and my over-taxed strength almost exhausted.
countenance: 表情、面容。
fury：anger
wrought: 原义是锻造
devour: eat
stubble: 干柴
involuntary: 不由自主的
gripe:
over-taxed: 负担过重
“Never,” said he, as he ground his teeth, “never was anything at once so frail and so indomitable. A mere reed she feels in my hand!” And he shook me with the force of his hold. “I could bend her with my finger and thumb: and what good would it do if I bent, if I uptore , if I crushed her? Consider that eye: consider the resolute, wild, free thing looking out of it, defying me, with more than courage——with a stern triumph. Whatever I do with its cage, I cannot get at it-the savage, beautiful creature! If I tear, if I rend the slight prison, my outrage will only let the captive loose. Conqueror I might be of the house; but the inmate would escape to heaven before I could call myself possessor of its clay dwelling-place. And it is you, spirit——with will and energy, and virtue and purity-that I want: not alone your brittle frame. Of yourself you could come with soft flight and nestle against my heart, if you would: seized against your will, you will elude the grasp like an essence—you will vanish ere I inhale your fragrance. Oh! Come, Jane, come!”
at once：与此同时
frail [freɪl]: weak,easily damaged or broken 弱的，易损的，易碎的
indomitable: (formal,approving) not willing to accept defeat, even in a difficult situation; very brave and determined 不屈不挠的；勇敢坚定的
reed：芦苇
resolute [ˈrezəluːt]: adj. having or showing great determination 坚决的; 有决心的
savage:
captive:
inmate:
elude: v. ~ sb/sth: to manage to avoid or escape from sb/sth. especially in a clever way (尤指机敏地）避开，逃避，躲避
essence:
ere:
fragrance:
As he said this, he released me from his clutch, and only looked at me.The look was far worse to resist
than the frantic strain: only an idiot, however, would have succumbed now. I had dared and baffled his fury; l must elude his sorrow: I retired to the door.
“You are going, Jane?”
“I am going, sir.”
“You are leaving me?”
“Yes.”
“You will not come? You will not be my comforter, my rescuer? My deep love, my wild woe, my frantic prayer, are all nothing to you?”
What unutterable pathos was in his voice! How hard it was to reiterate firmly, “I am going.”
succumb: give in 屈服
woe: great unhappiness 痛苦；苦恼；悲伤；悲哀
pathos：pain
empathy: 共鸣
reverie: 美好回忆
痴则凝，勤则进，恒则成。